The 3R principles are an external page ethical concept formulated in 1959 by British scientists William Russell and Rex Burch. The 3Rs stand for Replacement, Reduction and Refinement. They aim to ...

One such approach—known as the 3Rs—has been around for years, and it is again influencing marketing strategies across channels. By strategically applying those concepts to existing content, businesses ...

You have full access to this article via your institution. This situation, as Sawyer has pointed out, also does not follow the spirit of the 3Rs in reducing the total number of animals used.

Applications are now open for the International 3Rs Prize, an annual award which recognises research with the potential to ...