In 1958, a new strain of influenza A with different HA and NA was identified and antigenic shift was discovered; the need for a trivalent vaccine was recognized. Technical advances have made it ...

These strains occur because of the phenomenon known as antigenic shift, in which humans are infected with avian influenza viruses or viruses that contain a combination of genes from human and ...

In 1958, a new strain of influenza A with different HA and NA was identified and antigenic shift was discovered; the need for a trivalent vaccine was recognized. Technical advances have made it ...

The transporters associated with antigen processing (TAPs) allow antigenic peptides that have ... this proportion increases to 100% during an acute influenza infection. Continuous protein ...

You may have encountered the term “bird flu” increasingly online and in the media. It refers to a highly pathogenic avian ...

To comprehend how this is possible, it is necessary to understand how influenza viruses are passed ... to form a new strain that is called antigenic shift. Such a significant mutation occurs ...

Influenza viruses are crafty: They are constantly changing to avoid recognition by the immune system of their hosts. Such changes, referred to as antigenic shift and drift, make them a moving ...

You may have encountered the term “bird flu” increasingly online and in the media. It refers to a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A, classified as H5N1. Wild birds carry and transmit this ...