Secondary production of species in multi-species assemblages can be used to quantify bottom-up linkages with flow webs, top-down linkages with ingestion/production webs and trophic position ...

For example cats, dogs and lions. Predators Kill for food. They are either secondary or tertiary consumers. Prey The animals that predators feed on. Scavengers Feed on dead animals. For example ...

A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade. Ecology 91, 2742-2755 (2010). Power, M. E. Habitat heterogeneity and the functional significance of fish in river food webs.

Modern oceans, for comparison, max out at trophic level five or six, represented by apex predators like orcas, sperm whales, ...

A generic BAF model for fish. BAF-QSAR v1.1 provides estimates of the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for generic fish species in lower, middle and upper trophic levels of aquatic food webs. The BAF ...

Trophic levels are the layers or ranks within a food ... giving rise to one of history's most intricate marine food webs. "Our study is the first to examine these possible ecological interactions ...