Building a better refractor The spyglass-turned-telescope had limitations, some of which Galileo was able to design around. To reduce distortions such as elongations and blurriness caused by the ...

After replicating Lippershey's "looker," Galileo set about improving the design. He built increasingly powerful telescopes, ultimately building devices capable of magnifying the cosmos to 30 times ...

Astronomy has always relied on optical instruments, from the early Galilean telescope to fiber-fed spectrographs ... 2 Thermal models have been developed to design and predict temperature ...