Dr Bruce explains: “Insulin works by restoring the energy levels of pancreatic acinar cells, which fuels the calcium pumps on the membrane of these cells. These calcium pumps help to restore cellular ...

Investigations. Measurement of levels of serum phosphate, parathyroid hormone, ionized calcium and insulin; measurement of peak growth hormone by the arginine–levodopa stimulation test ...

and an increase in the ATP/ADP ratio (1); the increased ATP/ADP ratio leads to closing of the potassium channel and depolarization of the cell (2); and cell depolarization opens a calcium channel ...