To identify bacteria and metabolites that regulated ... In fact, not only were there a large number of epithelial cells ...

These metabolites ... bacterial metabolites and activates the immune system. The article is titled "Pyruvate–GPR31 axis ...

bacteria promote IgA 2 class switching in human B cells by triggering the release of APRIL ... by intestinal epithelial cells... Immunofluorescence staining of human colon tissue samples revealed ...

Many bacterial ... into the intestinal lumen, but to a lesser degree. Intracellularly active toxins usually display a unique enzymatic activity, but they can stimulate several cell signaling ...

To determine where the bacteria came from and how they moved from the bloodstream into the retina, the team used immunostaining. They found that in normal mice, CRB1 was expressed in the junctions ...

“By reinforcing the gut’s protective barrier, we might prevent bacteria from invading the epithelial cells that line the intestine, which could halt both the onset and progression of the ...