Lower back pain? You may have heard your practitioner mention something about your L4-L5 spinal segment. The lower back ...

Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP), also referred to as a herniated disc, is a common spine pathology that occurs approximately 95% of the time at the L4-L5 or L5-S1 level (Fisher et al., ...

Researchers assessed physiologic changes of the spine as well as the frequency of low back pain among astronauts during and after spaceflight.

Objectives: To observe the prevalence of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in elite athletes as compared with published literature of changes seen in non-athletes—that is, normal population.