Background: Penetrating craniovertebral junction (CVJ) injuries are rare. The mortality rate of these lesions is extremely high due to the complex anatomy of the region composed of a conglomerate of ...

The human brainstem consists of the medulla oblongata, the pons ... is found in those who have suffered severe traumatic ...

Supra- or infra-nuclear injury to the hypoglossal or glossopharyngeal nucleus, which result in upper motor neuron disease (lesions upstream of the medulla oblongata that can impact somatomotor, and ...

2. Supra- or infra-nuclear injury to the hypoglossal or glossopharyngeal nucleus, which result in upper motor neuron disease (lesions upstream of the medulla oblongata that can impact somatomotor, and ...