Whether the worsening of mitral stenosis over time is secondary to a smoldering rheumatic process or simply mitral valve damage due to high pressures and turbulence is unknown. Both most likely ...

Normal E/A ratio of about 1:2 in an elderly patient with aortic stenosis and left ventricular hypertrophy is indicative of pseudo-normalization (see Figure 7). PW=pulsed wave; MV DT=mitral valve ...