最近出现的基于风险的监测（Risk-Based Monitoring，RBM）和质量容忍限（Quality Tolerance Limit，QTL）框架，为传统的基于源数据核查（Source Data Verification，SDV）的质量保证提供了更高效的替代方案。这些框架旨在主动识别影响患者安全和数据完整性的系统性问题。

(A) Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping requires parental strains (red and blue plots) that differ genetically for the trait, such as lines created by divergent artificial selection.