Among these factors, the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family is important in both lineage selection and progression of differentiation of most, if not all, cell and tissue types.

As thoroughly discussed, this complexity is in part attained by extensive feedback loops and by the cross-talk between the TGF-β and BMP pathways with other signalling cascades. Smads interact ...

These processes are regulated by the cytokines TGF-β and BMP-7, chemokines, colony-stimulating factors, metalloproteinases and numerous trapping proteins. They offer innovative diagnostic and ...