That big grandfather clock in the library might be an impressive piece of mechanical ingenuity, and an even better example of fine cabinetry, but we’d expect that the accuracy of a pendulum ...

1. Motivation Phase Locked Loops (PLLs) are a widely needed and used circuitry in today’s semiconductor chips [1]. They are used for 3 different tasks: a) generation of high speed on chip clocks by ...

The lock time of a PLL is defined as the time that elapses from initial or reset condition till the phase locked generation of the output frequency. It is mainly influenced by the phase comparator and ...