momentum, frequency, timing or even the spatial shape of a single-photon beam. In recent years it has become popular to use states that have definite values of orbital angular momentum (OAM ...

Orbital angular momentum monopoles have been the subject ... Then they took an unusual, and crucial, extra experimental step ...

In this study, a qudit was implemented by the orbital angular momentum state of a single-photon, and dimensional expansion was possible by adjusting the phase of a photon through holographic images.