It describes the forces and behavior of the Universe’s fundamental particles: quarks, leptons, and bosons. It is a very comprehensive framework backed by extensive experimental evidence and is ...

This field has made significant strides in understanding the universe at its most basic level, particularly through the exploration of particles such as quarks, leptons, and bosons. Recent ...

These four fundamental forces exist between fermions (quarks and leptons). They arise from the exchange of bosons. Bosons are the 'force carrying' or 'force-mediating' particles. If a fermion ...

The underlying theoretical construct in particle physics is called the Standard Model and it contains 6 quarks, 6 leptons, 4 gauge bosons, and one scalar boson (the Higgs boson), which interact ...

These results demonstrate the nature of quarks as relativistic neutrinos forming rotating equilateral triangles and ...

Review of Special Relativity and a brief introduction to general relativity. Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics. Fundamental particles, Quarks, Leptons and Gauge Bosons.

Leptons are particles that can exist on their own. Protons and neutrons belong to the ‘family’ of hadrons. The hadrons are the heavier particles. All hadrons are made of quarks (which can only ...

This includes leptons (such as the electron), the quarks that make up protons and neutrons, and gauge bosons, which mediate forces between the other particles. The observation of a neutrino in an ...