Reviewing both ultrastructural and molecular data, the present work aims to showcase the increasing relevance of invertebrate deuterostomes, i.e., echinoderms, hemichordates, cephalochordates and ...

Despite the documented tight association between the immune and nervous systems in mammals or invertebrate model organisms, interdependence of these two systems is largely unexplored across metazoans.

The non-mammalian vertebrate models discussed in this review all complement existing mammalian research and fill in the gaps of what cannot be done in mammals or invertebrates. To succeed, the model ...

Homologues of molecules that previously were thought to be unique to the rearrangement and diversification of immunoglobulin and T cell receptors have been identified in invertebrate species ...