Modern oceans, for comparison, max out at trophic level five or six, represented by apex predators like orcas, sperm whales, and great white sharks.

Marine reptiles vanished near the end of the Mesozoic, but the legacy of their top-heavy food webs is imprinted in the fossil record. Each puzzle piece from that record, from large jaws to specialized ...

While the oceans are now safe from the Megatooth, which went extinct an estimated 3.5 million years ago, Otodus megalodon has been revealed by new research to have occupied a higher position on the ...

Herd animals not only capture carbon but also create fire-resistant landscapes. By maintaining open grasslands and preventing the encroachment of flammable woody vegetation, they reduce the frequency ...

By controlling the numbers of meso-predators and herbivores, these top predators can have cascading effects on plant and animal species at different trophic levels. Their predation activities ...

Results: Marine food webs around the globe did not strictly exhibit scale-free characteristics in most regions, and only below 5% of the food webs entered the “strongest fit” level of the scale-free ...

By comparing these isotopic signatures to those of coexisting animals – including herbivores like antelopes and monkeys, as well as carnivores such as hyenas and big cats – the scientists established ...

marketable fish biomass for the existing production of lower trophic level biomass. 4. Fish have a limited ability to exploit the existing planktonic food resource The last possibility we address is ...

When putting a blood sugar-friendly meal together, Elizabeth suggested: "Start meals with fibrous vegetables, followed by proteins and fats, and end with carbohydrates. This can blunt blood sugar ...