Sultan (/ ˈsʌltən /; Arabic: سلطان sulṭān, pronounced [sʊlˈtˤɑːn, solˈtˤɑːn]) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun سلطة sulṭah, meaning "authority" or "power".

The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922.

This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day.

“A list of caliphs and wazirs in the Islamic world covering dynastic reigns (Rashidun, Umayyad, ‘Abbasid, Barmakid, Tulunid, Ikhshidid, Fatimid, Ayyubid, Mamluk, Seljuqs, etc.) across Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, the Caucasus, …

Sultan, originally, according to the Qurʾān, moral or spiritual authority; the term later came to denote political or governmental power and from the 11th century was used as a title by Muslim sovereigns. Maḥmūd of Ghazna (reigned ad 998–1030) was …

2025年1月21日 · Why was the Ottoman Empire called “the sick man of Europe”? Emeritus Professor of the Modern History of Western Asia, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Author of The Near East Since the First World War and others. Emeritus Professor of Turkish and Judeo-Turkish History, University of California, Los Angeles.

2025年1月21日 · Ottoman Empire, empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia (Asia Minor) that grew to be one of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries.

This is a list of current monarchs of the Arabian Peninsula. It includes the reigning houses of those states which are monarchies: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and each of the seven emirates which make up the United Arab Emirates. The ruling families and their current head (and therefore ruler) are: ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth.

The title of "sultan", or king, one of doubtful antiquity, has been assumed by the hereditary Wahhabee ruler of Riad, tihe capital of Nejd; it is also often applied to the sovereign of Oman, and to some petty princes in the south of the peninsula.

2023年10月27日 · Many Ottoman sultans were outstanding military leaders and administrators, and they contributed to the empire’s growth into one of the world’s largest and most rich. Here is The List of Ottoman Sultans With Their Reign Years. 1) Osman Gazi (1299-1324/1326) 2) Orhan Gazi (1324/1326-1360) 3) Murad I (1360-1389) 4) Yildirim Bayazid I (1389-1403)