• that cells provide a source of emf • chemical cells and solar cells as the energy source in circuits • that circuit diagrams represent the arrangement of components in a circuit • direct current (dc) I as a flow of charge carriers as given by • that the electric potential difference V is the work done per unit charge on moving a positive ...

Due to the direct connection between excitable cells in the form of gap junctions, an action potential can be transmitted directly from one cell to the next in either direction. The free flow of ions between cells enables rapid non-chemical-mediated transmission.

With the switch closed, however, the external circuit is closed, and an electric current can flow from the anode to the cathode. The potential (\(E_{cell}\)) of the cell, measured in volts, is the difference in electrical potential between the two half-reactions and is related to the energy needed to move a charged particle in an electric field ...

Current-clamp is a method of intracellular recording involving measurement of the voltage difference across the cellular membrane while injecting constant positive or negative current (as "square" d.c. pulses) into the cell.

A current flowing across a membrane often appears on a recording instrument as a series of bursts of various heights. These bursts represent current flowing through open channels, which are merely holes formed by intrinsic proteins traversing the lipid bilayer. No significant current flows through the membrane when no channel is open; multiple ...