2021年7月16日 · 4D printing refers to single-material or multi-material printing of a device or object that can be transformed from a 1D strand into pre-programed 3D shape, from a 2D surface into preprogramed 3D shape and is capable of morphing between different dimensions.

2022年9月15日 · In this study, we review the factors affecting 4D printing, as well as the materials used in 4D printing and their properties. These techniques are followed by 4D printing applications. Finally, the challenges and limitations of 4D printing are discussed.

2024年3月4日 · Here, a comprehensive review of the latest achievements in 4D printing using various types of materials and different additive manufacturing techniques is presented. The state-of-the-art strategies implemented in harnessing various 4D-printed structures are highlighted, which involve materials design, stimuli, functionalities, and applications.

2023年11月1日 · Herein, we have reviewed in detail the current developments in 4D printing, the available and new smart (shape-changing) materials, and how they respond to internal or external stimuli, following a short description of the definition, concept, and background of 4D printing.

4D printing is the process through which a 3D printed object transforms itself into another structure over the influence of external energy input as temperature, light or other environmental stimuli. This technology is part of the project of MIT Self-assembly Lab.

4D printing is an advanced additive manufacturing technology that combines 3D printing and stimulus-responsive materials to generate dynamic, intelligent structures. The generated structures’ shape and size change under the influence of environmental stimuli, such as heat, light, humidity, water, chemicals, magnetic fields, and others.

2024年10月7日 · Four-dimensional printing involves the use of smart materials that, once 3D printed, can change shape over time. Key research areas in 4D printing include the responsive materials used, the stimuli triggering the change, and the duration of the transformation process.

A research branch that originated from 3D-printing called four-dimensional (4D)-printing involves printing with smart materials that can respond to external stimuli. 4D-printing permits the creation of on-demand dynamically control-lable shapes by integrating the dimension of time.

2018年11月26日 · After a brief overview of the definition, history, and basic elements of 4D printing, the state-of-the-art advances in 4D printing for shape-shifting materials are reviewed in detail. Both single material and multiple materials using different mechanisms for shape changing are summarized.

Read 20 incredible examples in time and material here! In an era marked by groundbreaking innovations, 4D printing emerges as a pivotal force reshaping our physical and conceptual landscapes.