2018年1月29日 · Today we’ll describe the two main patterns by which various substituents “ direct ” electrophilic aromatic substitution. In one pattern, substituents direct the reaction to give …

One such modification is to conduct the substitution reaction in a strong acid, converting –OH to –OH 2(+). Because the hydronium ion (H 3 O (+)) is a much stronger acid than water, its …

use the principles developed in this chapter to predict in which of the three categories listed in Objective 3, above, a previously unencountered substituent should be placed. Make certain …

诱导效应是建立在定域键基础上、短程的电子效应；而共轭效应是建立在离域键的基础上、远程的电子效应，在有机化合物中，往往两种效应同时存在。 参考资料来源： 百度百科—吸电子基 …

有一个简单的方法，关于一个基团-RX，假如R的 电负性 大于X，那么它就是给电子的，反之就是吸电子。 比如烷基-CH3，羟基-OH，烷氧基-OCH3，由于C的电负性大于H，O的电负性大 …

2018年10月20日 · Facts I know: 1) More the electron density in benzene ring, the faster the reaction. 2) Lone pair on -OCH3 group undergoes resonance and makes ortho-para positions …

对于供电基团而言（-OH，-OCH3），对C-1的化学位移增大值与对邻对位的化学位移降低值，收支基本平衡，差约5ppm（因为有两个邻位，我们只计算了1个的缘故）。

och3是吸电子基团，吸电子基团是当取代基取代苯环上的氢后，苯环上电子云密度降低的基团；反之，苯环上电子云密度升高的叫供电子基团。

An analogous reaction will occur with CH3OH that will add OCH to the more substituted carbon because of HX dissociation

Substituted rings are divided into two groups based on the type of the substituent that the ring carries: Activated rings: the substituents on the ring are groups that donate electrons. …