C4d is a widely used marker for antibody-mediated rejection in the kidney, heart, pancreas, and possibly lung allografts. In ABO-incompatible grafts, C4d is not a useful test, and may even indicate graft accommodation.

The C4d staining as a special tissue marker for humoral immunity has served criteria of pathological diagnosis for antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) in Banff classification since 2003. However, the sensitivity and specificity of C4d staining have been questioned, and recently, C4d-negative ABMR has …

2019年11月1日 · The main goal of the study was to (i) identify glomerular and extraglomerular C4d staining for correlation with the main pathology diagnosis, and (ii) compare these findings with previous studies, and assess the range of staining patterns in various diseases to set the basis for future potential application of the IHC C4d stain in cases lacking ...

We prospectively performed C4d staining on endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) and present the pattern of tissue staining and its correlation with intracardiac hemodynamics. Methods: EMBs were evaluated by IHC for C4d staining and graded for cellular rejection using ISHLT criteria on hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained sections.

C4d staining without associated histologic findings of rejection may represent a marker for stable graft accommodation, at least in ABO-incompatible renal allografts. However, further studies are clearly needed to determine what the long-term implications of such C4d deposition are.

2006年12月12日 · Detection of C4d along peritubular capillaries (PTC) in renal allograft biopsies is an independent prognostic marker of poor long-term graft survival. It is typically associated with circulating donor-specific antibodies.

C4d staining is routinely evaluated in transplant biopsies and this stain consistently highlights immune complex deposits in MGN and SLE. Recognition of this distinctive staining pattern is helpful in the diagnosis of these processes and should prompt complete evaluation with IF and EM if these studies were not initially available.

2008年4月1日 · We prospectively performed C4d staining on endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) and present the pattern of tissue staining and its correlation with intracardiac hemodynamics. EMBs were evaluated by IHC for C4d staining and graded for cellular rejection using ISHLT criteria on hematoxylin-and-eosin–stained sections.

2012年4月1日 · C4d staining patterns in different clinical settings. (a) Acute AMR of a kidney graft with typical peritubular capillary staining of C4d on paraffin-embedded tissue. (b) Glomerular C4d in a native kidney biopsy of a patient with lupus nephritis and thrombotic microangiopathy.

C4d has been regarded as a footprint of AMR tissue damage, and the introduction of C4d staining in daily clinical practice aroused an ever-increasing interest in the role of antibody-mediated mechanisms in allograft rejection.