The aim of this review is to highlight the chemistry of atmospheric acid pollutants, their irritating effects on the airways, and the existence of a possibly shared causal, proton-based mechanism, induced by both exogenous and endogenous acids, for the onset and spread of allergic and nonallergic inflammatory reactions.

The results show that the skin physiology parameters of irritated skin are favourably influenced by the topical application of CO2 -impregnated water. Although those test regions treated with carbonic acid did not remain uninfluenced by repeated irritation in clinical comparisons, the irritation was …

The water and oil bases were emulsified with polyethylene glycol-60, hydrogenated castor oil, and polyethylene glycol-12 dimethicone (dimethicone/vinyl dimethicone) crosspolymer as surfactants and were supplemented with potassium hydroxide, potassium phosphate, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, phenoxyethanol, and methylparaben for ...

If a person has irritable bowel syndrome, the added carbon dioxide might cause pain due to bloating. It is true that carbonated water is slightly more acidic than still water due to carbonic acid but this acid decomposes to carbon dioxide and water and is much less acidic than stomach acid.

Other chemical burn first aid includes the application of neutralising agents, specific antidotes, such as calcium gluconate for hydrofluoric acid burns, and chelating agents, such as Diphoterine [2].