Today, hundreds of commercial caesium atomic clocks are used in timing laboratories and in military and scientific centres. A brief discussion on principles, operation and characterization of AFS is given subsequently, followed by a description of the function of a caesium AFS.
Manufac-tured quartz clocks and atomic clocks of various types have shown continual improvement. The instrument favoured by fundamental metrological research has always been the caesium clock and thousands of these have already been produced.
Time, Frequency and the Atomic Clock This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the physics of time and time measurement, from an historical perspective to the modern day. It dis-cusses the stability and accuracy of atomic frequency standards, including different types of oscillators and atomic clocks, and covers the most recent
Introduction to Atomic Clocks - SpringerLink
2023年8月31日 · The first accurate atomic clock, a cesium standard based on the ground-state transition of the cesium-133 atom, was built by Louis Essen and Jack Parry in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK.
VCSELs for Cesium-Based Miniaturized Atomic Clocks
2015年9月23日 · Atomic clocks have provided the most stable frequency references for more than 50 years. However, the size and power requirements of microwave-cavity-based atomic clocks prohibit them from being portable and battery-operated. Hence, research on miniaturized atomic clocks (MACs) has been initiated by various research groups.
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With the commercial availability of narrow-band laser sources, optical pumping can now replace cesium clock designs. In this paper, we will review the differences between these two designs, focusing on their unique advantages and disadvantages. Why use a cesium clock?
Key Parameters Control of Optically Pumped Cesium Beam Atomic Clock
2020年6月7日 · Cesium beam clock is long-term punctual atomic clock. It plays an important role in the field of satellite positioning and navigation. Its stability directly determines the positioning accuracy of the global positioning system. It is one of the key technologies that China needs to develop in the field of time and frequency.
Caesium atomic clocks: function, performance and applications
2003年7月16日 · This paper gives an overview of currently available commercial caesium clocks and primary standards developed in national metrology institutes.
Review: Atomic clock books - NAWCC Forums
2003年6月10日 · Here, after almost fifty years, are three recent books discussing atomic clocks (through atomic fountains), time, time scales, and time dissemination (radio and GPS). "From Sundials to Atomic Clocks," 2nd Revised Edition, James Jesperson and Jane Fitz-Randolph, Mineola, New York, Dover Publications, 1999.
Chip-Scale Atomic Clock - IEEE Spectrum
2011年3月16日 · The standard by which clocks in the United States are set is a cesium-based atomic clock in Boulder, Colo., that loses less than a nanosecond per day. It’s the size of a small car and draws ...