Katorga (Russian: ка́торга, romanized: kátorga, IPA: [ˈkatərɡə] ⓘ; from medieval and modern Greek: κάτεργον, romanized: kátergon, lit. 'galley'; and Ottoman Turkish: کادیرغا, kadırga) was a …

2024年9月22日 · 卡托加 （俄语： ка́торга， IPA： [ˈkatərgə]，出自中古 希腊语 κάτεργον，原意“ 桨帆船 ”），是俄罗斯 沙皇 时代和苏联时期对罪犯实行的 劳改 制度，囚犯被发配到广大无人 …

卡托加（俄语： ка́торга ，羅馬化： katorga ，發音： [ˈkatərgə] ；出自中古希腊语 κάτεργον ，原意“桨帆船”），是俄羅斯沙皇時代和苏联时期對罪犯實行的勞改制度，囚犯被發配到廣大無人 …

Kara katorga (Russian: Карийская каторга, romanized: Kariyskaya katorga) was the name for a set of katorga prisons of extremely high security located along the Kara River in Transbaikalia …

Nerchinsk katorga (Russian: Нерчинская каторга, Nerchinskaya katorga) was a system of katorga — a type of penal labour — practiced by the Russian Empire in the area of the …

Mit der Exilpraxis und dem System der Katorga sollten vor allem drei Ziele erreicht werden. Zum einen diente es als Möglichkeit, Kriminelle und andere unerwünschte Personen aus dem …

2016年12月1日 · Katorga was a complex punishment combining hard physical labour and exile (and, prior to 1863, corporal punishment). It could be administered for terms from 4 to 25 …

Katorga (Russian: ка́торга, romanized: kátorga, IPA: [ˈkatərɡə] ⓘ; from medieval and modern Greek: κάτεργον, romanized: kátergon, lit. 'galley'; and Ottoman Turkish: کادیرغا, kadırga) was a …

2023年2月25日 · 'Katorga' was a penal labor system used in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Prisoners were sent to remote penal colonies in Siberia and the Russian Far East to …

Forty-four thousand men and over 7,000 women entered Siberia bound for katorga during the period 1823 to 1860, during which they accounted for just over 18 percent of all deportees. 1 …