2022年7月4日 · The perforating veins of the lower limb (PV or “perforators”) are so called because they perforate the deep fascia of muscles, to connect the superficial venous systems of the lower extremity with the deep veins where they drain. There are numerous veins in variable arrangement, connection, size, and distribution.

Perforator veins exist along the length of the lower limb, in greater number in the leg (anatomical ref to below knee) than in the thigh. Some veins are named after the physician who first described them:

Direct perforator veins are the classical perforators that connect superficial to deep veins while indirect perforators are more variable in their location and connect superficial veins to muscular veins. Recurrent lower limb venous insufficiency is often a challenge in clinical practice and is most commonly due to incompetent perforators.

Perforator veins are connector veins that link the deep lower limb veins with the superficial lower limb veins like rungs on a ladder. Each lower limb has about 150 perforator veins. Perforator veins are not the same as communicating veins which connect veins only within the same layer.

Perforator veins are short connections between deep and surface veins in the legs. For patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) due to poorly functioning perforator veins, blood flow can pool up in the legs, increasing pressure in the leg veins and leading to symptoms such as swelling, ulcers, pain, night cramps, fatigue, and leaky ...

2015年1月7日 · Perforating veins may play a role in the development of chronic venous insufficiency and ulceration. There is renewed interest in minimally invasive treatments vs historic surgical options. Current indications for treatment, technical success, and evidence for clinical efficacy are summarized.

2021年12月20日 · The perforators of the leg (venae perforantes cruris; PV; or “perforating veins”) are a subset of, and not to be confused with, the larger overarching group of perforating veins of the lower limb. This group of veins connects the superficial venous systems and deep veins in the calf and are divided into four according to their topography.

2013年1月1日 · Perforator veins (PVs) are one of three major venous systems in the leg directly linked to serious manifestations of chronic venous disease (CVD) including venous ulceration. Although its anatomical details are clearly defined, the physiology and clinical importance...

2010年6月1日 · Before analyzing perforator veins with duplex ultrasound, a thorough knowledge of lower-extremity venous anatomy is critical to their identification. The sonographer should know the typical location of perforators and how to localize them where they are commonly found penetrating the fascia between the superficial and deep venous systems.

2021年10月10日 · Key Findings: Twenty participants with normal venous function had a mean of 14.2 perforators in each leg examined by ultrasound. Perforators were significantly larger in diameter within the lower third of the calf and functioning valves are more readily seen in them.