Lack of lumbar lordosis (i.e. a flat lower spine) is often associated with low back pain. Click this link to jump to the section on inspection in the video. Inspection is best done by first observing your patient first standing upright, then again bending forward while still standing (as noted in the image).

A complete examination of the lumbar spine should include the following: inspection, palpation, range of motion, flexibility, muscle strength, sensory examination, reflexes, provocative maneuvers, as well as examination of gait.

An important part of the diagnosis of low back pain includes palpation of the lumbar spinous processes. This is commonly performed centrally and unilaterally when using Maitland's techniques in assessment.

Spine Trauma Evaluation and Exam • Phases of spine trauma physical exam • 1) Inspection and palpation • Identify other injuries • Anterior • Posterior- log roll (can be part of primary or secondary survey) • 2) Neurologic • Motor • Sensory • Reflexes

This spine examination OSCE guide provides a clear step-by-step approach to examining the spine, with an included video demonstration. Musculoskeletal examinations can be broken down into four key components: look, feel, move and special tests.