2020年10月7日 · Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +) and its metabolites function as critical regulators to maintain physiologic processes, enabling the plastic cells to adapt to environmental changes...

2021年5月17日 · The main difference between NADH and NADPH is that NADH is mainly involved in catabolic reactions, such as respiration, whereas NADPH is involved in anabolic reactions, such as photosynthesis.

In cellular metabolism, NAD is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another, so it is found in two forms: NAD + is an oxidizing agent, accepting electrons from other molecules and becoming reduced; with H +, this reaction forms NADH, which can be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons.

NADH as pro-oxidant induces redox stress. (A) ROS production by the mitochondrial ETC under physiological conditions. NADH generated primarily in the TCA cycle is oxidized to NAD + at mitochondrial respiratory complex I (NADH dehydrogenase). Subsequently, electrons from NADH in conjunction with electrons from the oxidation of succinate at ...

NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+ ...

NAD + reduction to NADH is featured in glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). NADH oxidation to NAD + occurs in the cytoplasm by action of lactate dehydrogenase and in mitochondria by action of Complex I.

2021年7月1日 · Both NAD + and NADH play important roles as coenzymes in redox reactions, and an imbalance in their ratio can impair flux through these pathways' reactions, resulting in dysregulated cellular metabolism. However, ATP generated via glycolytic reactions is critical for NAD + regeneration from NADH [6].

2024年8月4日 · Here, we review the most up to date literature on mechanisms underlying the NAD + elevating interventions and discuss the progress of human studies. We also aim to provide a better understanding of how NAD metabolism is changed in failing hearts with a particular emphasis on types of strategies employed and methods to target these pathways.

2019年3月1日 · In this review, the roles of the flavin cofactors in the catalytic cycle of NAD (P)H-dependent ET systems, including the microsomal and mitochondrial cyt P450 ET systems, NOS isozymes, cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) ET systems and methionine synthase reductase (MS reductase) are mainly summarized, and similarities and differences will be discussed based...

In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of NAD +-regulated physiological responses to stresses, the contribution of NAD + deficiency to various diseases via manipulating cellular communication networks and the potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.