2022年3月30日 · 诺贝尔奖得主查德.塞勒曾提出狭窄框架效应，意思是：在框架非常小的时候，个体会陷在框架之中，看不到事情的全貌。 通俗的解释就是坐井观天。 狭窄框架效应就是当一个问题有2种或以上相似的逻辑意义时，我们可以选择的决策应该有2种或以上。

example, narrow bracketing means that a prospect-theoretic chooser takes a less- than-expected-value certain amount over the lottery in the gain domain due to risk aversion, but takes the lottery over its expected value in the loss domain due to risk-

为了分散风险，将波动方向相反的两只股票组合在一起，比将同一个波动方向上第一好的股票与第二好的股票组合在一起风险要小。 两只股票的组合不如三只股票组合分散风险的效果好，三只股票的组合就不如四只股票组合分散风险的效果好……依次类推。 所以， 当组合中股票数目相当多时，单只个股的波动已经不重要了，因为已经被其他波动相反的股票完全抵消掉了。 决定整个组合的风险不再是单个股票自己的波动，而是股票与其他股票之间的相关性。 理性人不会关心单个 …

Experiments suggest that people fail to take into account interdependencies between their choices—they do not broadly bracket. Researchers often instead assume people narrowly bracket, but existing designs do not test it. We design a novel experiment and revealed preference tests for how someone brackets their choices.

We show that any decision maker who "narrowly brackets" (evaluates decisions separately) and does not have constant-absolute-risk-averse preferences will make a first-order stochastically dominated combined choice in some simple pair of independent binary decisions. We also characterize the preference-contingent monetary cost from this mistake.

诺贝尔奖得主 理查德·塞勒，曾提出过一个概念：“ 狭窄 框架效应 ”。 意思是，我们有时为了做某事而做某事，因此会陷入很窄的框架中，而忽略了达成目的的其他可能。 猛一看，有点难理解。 不过罗振宇在他的《知识就是力量》中，解释过这个概念。 很多出租车司机，旺季时，早上8点出车，下午3点一看，钱赚得差不多了，于是便收工回家； 但在淡季，到了晚上8点，也没多少乘客，一想到公司的份子钱，还有油钱，觉得会亏本。 于是，一直在街上转悠，等着人上车。 罗振宇 …

narrow bracketing occurs when decision makers take a short-term view, evaluating the consequence of each choice in isolation. Broad bracketing enables the consideration of the relationship between choices in addition to the evaluation of individual choices, and therefore often results in different choice than narrow bracketing.

2021年1月12日 · We document narrow bracketing -- the neglect of such accounting -- in work choices in a pre-registered experiment on MTurk: bracketing changes average willingness to work by 13-28%. In our experiment, broad bracketing is so simple to implement that narrow bracketing cannot possibly be due to optimal conservation of cognitive resources, so it ...

2007年9月11日 · We show that for any decisionmaker who does not have constant-absolute-risk-averse preferences and who evaluates her decisions one by one, there exists a simple pair of independent binary decisions where the decisionmaker …

2020年10月29日 · Bracketing relates to the way in which we evaluate our decisions. When we evaluate each decision separately, as an isolated instance, we call this narrow bracketing. When we evaluate our...