NNK and its metabolite 4- (methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are potent systemic lung carcinogens in rats. Tumors of the nasal cavity, liver, and pancreas are also observed in NNK- or NNAL-treated rats.

NNAL 和 NNK 形成 DNA 加合物是其致癌机制的重要一步。 在这项研究中，我们对用饮用水中 5 ppm (R)-NNAL 或 (S)-NNAL 治疗 10、30、50 和 70 周的大鼠肺中的吡啶基羟丁基和吡啶氧丁基 DNA 磷酸加合物进行了定量。

8 小时之前 · NNK undergoes rapid metabolic conversion to its derivative, 4- (methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanonol (NNAL), commonly referred to as NNAL. Additionally, a considerable proportion of NNAL may also be present in a conjugated form, such as the glucuronide variants NNAL-N-Gluc and NNAL-O-Gluc, detectable in urine.

The tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone) is a significant component of tobacco and tobacco smoke. In the smoker’s body, NNK is rapidly reduced to its metabolite, NNAL (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanonol).

Binding of NNK and NNN to nAChRs promote tumor growth by enhancing and deregulating cell proliferation, cell survival and cell migration as well as cell invasion, which is the second step of NNK- and NNN-induced cancer.

2024年3月4日 · NNN, NNK and the major NNK metabolite—the corresponding alcohol, 4- (methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL)—have received by far the most attention among the tobacco-specific nitrosamines because of their potent carcinogenic activities and relative abundance in cured tobacco and its smoke.

2020年7月27日 · A predominant metabolite of NNK˗4- (methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) is the main TSNA measurable in urine. TSNAs play an important role in carcinogenesis in tobacco product users and nonusers who are exposed to tobacco.

研究表明，环境中所暴露的烟气中的NNK与人体中的8－羟基－2′－脱氧鸟苷有关，DNA中的脱氧鸟苷受到羟自由基（·OH）攻击后，其C－8位生成8－羟基－脱氧鸟苷（8－OHdG），8－OHdG 的含量与环境中烟气的暴露剂量呈现出剂量依赖性的关系[19]。

2018年8月1日 · NNAL is a major metabolite of the tobacco-specific NNK. In the reductive metabolism of NNK, the compound undergoes either a carbonyl reduction or a pyridine N-oxidation, both producing NNAL.

2021年6月15日 · NNAL, a major metabolite of NNK with a similar structure, a chiral center, and a longer half-life, has never been evaluated in cancer cells. In this study, we characterized the effect of NNAL and its enantiomers on cancer progression among a panel of NSCLC cell lines and explored the associated mechanisms.