List of state abbreviations for all the US states, US territories and the United States military. See the complete list of US two-letter postal abbreviations.

2021年4月2日 · From AL to WY. Learn the state abbreviations and postal codes. This table is a handy tool for students, business people, and letter-writers alike. Hang it next to your desk, and you'll never again confuse the postal code AL for Alaska instead of Alabama!

2024年12月11日 · Wyoming – WY; U.S. Commonwealth and Territories Abbreviations. There’s more to the United States than just the 50 states: the U.S. also has other territories. For instance, there are the commonwealths of Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. In addition, there are some other unincorporated territories of the U.S., such as American ...

2021年5月7日 · For instance, Alabama (AL) and Alaska (AK) or Arizona (AZ) and Arkansas (AR) have similar letters at the beginning of their names. According to the US systems and tradition, all the states or territories are represented by abbreviations and codes for different purposes, including data processing and postal addresses.

2020年9月25日 · 从广义上讲，SNAr反应取决于四个组分：亲核体（或抗衡阳离子）、离去基团、芳香体系、溶剂。 通常情况下，一般用Hammett取代基常数来描述芳香体系。 最近，Hammett 相关性斜率也被用作SNAr反应机理的指示性参数，尽管该方法直观，但是缺乏扎实的理论基础。 因此，作者在本文中主要探究当芳香环体系变得更富电子时（即环上取代基的吸电子性降低——σp–取代基常数的正值较小），是否存在从分布到协同机理的急剧转折点。 为此，他们假 …

meso-Bromosubporphyrin undergoes nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SN Ar) reactions with arylamines, diarylamines, phenols, ethanol, thiophenols, and n-butanethiol in the presence of suitable bases to provide the corresponding substitution products.

2021年7月29日 · 西湖大学石航 团队 通过发展过渡金属催化的 SN Ar反应 ，克服了上述挑战，成功地将芳基氟化物转化为对应的苯酚化合物。 反应策略是基于铑催化剂与芳香环的η6配位活化，可以选择性地转化高键能的C (s p2 )–F键*。 为了在 η6 配位活化下实现芳基氟的 SN Ar羟基化反应，作者首先尝试了2020年发展的Ru (II)/hemilabile-ligand催化体系（氟苯胺化反应， J. Am. Chem. Soc ., 2020, 142 , 3706.），但是未得到目标产物。 当将配体替换成其他膦配体或者Cp类型配 …

2021年2月28日 · 芳香亲核取代反应（ S N Ar）是重要的经典有机化学反应之一。它发生在芳基卤（拟卤）代物和亲核试剂之间，指的是芳环上的一个离去基团被亲核试剂原位取代。

Recent developments in experimental and computational chemistry have identified a rapidly growing class of nucleophilic aromatic substitutions that proceed by concerted (cSN Ar) rather than classical, two-step, SN Ar mechanisms.

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