Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND) is an attack of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occurs at night. [1] It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening. [2]

2021年11月30日 · 通过从观测值（x）中减去平均值（μ）并除以标准差（σ）来计算，即：z=x-μ/σ。Z值＞两个标准差被认为是异常和PND的诊断。 常用于评估PND的量表有：视觉再生、韦氏词汇、数字符合实验、雷伊听觉语言学习测试、数字广度、Stroop颜色单词实验等。

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) is when you wake up suddenly feeling like you can’t catch your breath. You might also cough. Sitting up helps you breathe normally again within 10 to 15 minutes. Heart, lung and neurological conditions can cause PND.

The preclinical examination of PND/POCD has revealed much in the way of mechanistic insight into cognitive impairment after anesthesia and surgery, and several compelling hypotheses regarding neuroinflammation, inflammation resolution and …

Peri-operative neurocognitive disorders (PND) is a new term recommended by an international, multidisciplinary group named as Nomenclature Consensus Working Group including experts from multiple disciplines such as anesthesiology, neurology, geriatrics, psychiatry, neuropsychology, surgery, and psychology.

2022年3月9日 · 术后认知功能障碍（Postoperative cognitive dysfunction，POCD）是指麻醉手术后患者出现的记忆力、抽象思维、定向力障碍，同时伴有社会活动能力的减退，即术后人格、社交能力及认知能力和技巧的变化。 围术期神经认知功能障碍（Perioperative neurocognitive disorders，PND）是由原来的术后认知功能障碍 (POCD) 更名而来，更名之后，建议用PND描述术前和术后12个月内发生的，包含术后谵妄（Postoperative delirium，POD）在内的所有围手术 …

2023年3月21日 · What is PND? How important for tax filing? How much income is required to file PND for tax payment? This article will take you through an introduction to PND.

2021年5月25日 · 围手术期神经认知功能障碍（perioperative neurocognitive disorders, PND）在《与手术和麻醉相关的认知改变的命名建议‑2018》中首先被提出 ，包括原来的术后认知功能障碍（postoperative cognitive dysfunction, POCD）和术后谵妄（postoperative delirium, POD） 。

2024年1月11日 · Post-Nasal Drip, often abbreviated as PND, occurs when an excessive amount of mucus accumulates at the back of the throat, leading to various uncomfortable symptoms. Understanding the intricacies of PND is crucial for those …

The Notification prescribes that all tax return forms for personal income tax withheld at source filed by employers for their employees i.e. PND1, PND1 Gor, and Special PND 1 Gor are to be filed exclusively through the Revenue Department’s electronic system, which includes the e-Filing system, e-Withholding Tax system, and electronic file ...