Structure of a micelle, a cell-like structure formed by the aggregation of soap subunits (such as sodium stearate): The exterior of the micelle is hydrophilic (attracted to water) and the interior is lipophilic (attracted to oils).

2023年1月23日 · Soap is manufactured by the base-catalyzed hydrolysis (saponification) of animal fat. Before sodium hydroxide was commercially available, a boiling solution of potassium carbonate leached from wood ashes was used.

2025年1月26日 · In order to perform as detergents (surface-active agents), soaps and detergents must have certain chemical structures: their molecules must contain a hydrophobic (water-insoluble) part, such as a fatty acid or a rather long chain carbon group, such as …

The basic structure of all soaps is essentially the same, consisting of a long hydrophobic (water-fearing) hydrocarbon "tail" and a hydrophilic (waterloving) anionic "head": CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COO − or CH 3 (CH 2 ) n COO −.

Soap molecules have on one end what’s known as a polar salt, which is hydrophilic, or attracted to water. The other end of the molecule is a nonpolar chain of fatty acids or hydrocarbons, which is hydrophobic—meaning that it’s repelled by water but …

2022年7月25日 · identify the structure of a soap, given the structure of the fat from which it is produced. describe the mechanism by which soaps exert their cleansing action. give a chemical explanation of the problems encountered when carboxylate soaps are used in hard‑water areas, and explain how they may be overcome by the use of sulphonate detergents.

2024年12月13日 · A soap is the sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids/carboxylic acids which has cleansing properties in water. Example, sodium stearate (C 17 H 35 COO - Na + ) and sodium palmitate (C 15 H 31 COO - Na + ) . Since soap solutions are basic in nature, they turn red litmus blue .

Properties of Soap. Chain length of fatty acids determine the final properties of soap. As chain length increases, it becomes less polar and therefore less soluble in water. Soap derived from long-chained fatty acids tend to be harder and do not lather as easily as soaps derived from short-chained fatty acids.

When soaps are dispersed in water, the long hydrocarbon tails cluster together on the inside of a tangled, hydrophobic ball, while the ionic heads on the surface of the cluster protrude into the water layer. These spherical clusters, called micelles, are shown schematically in Figure 27.2.

2019年7月19日 · Explore how soap works, including an introduction to saponification, surfactants, and emulsifiers.