2024年12月7日 · Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart condition with many cases presenting after the newborn period. It has been classically characterized by the combination of ventricular septal defect (VSD), right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO), overriding aorta, and late right ventricular hypertrophy.

2024年12月2日 · Chest X-ray of Tetralogy of Fallot). Right axis deviation, prominent R or qR waves in V1, and upright T waves in V1, characteristic of right atrial enlargement and right ventricular hypertrophy, are common on the electrocardiogram. The echocardiogram is the gold standard for the diagnosis of TOF.

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a combination of four congenital (present at birth) heart defects that affect infants and children. The defects occur together and change the way blood flows through the heart and lungs. TOF occurs in about 1 out of every 2,518 babies born in the U.S. each year.

What is tetralogy of Fallot? Tetralogy of Fallot is a birth defect affecting the structure of the heart. Four different abnormalities are present in a patient’s heart, which changes how blood travels through it, preventing the proper amount of oxygen-rich blood from circulating through the body.

Diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot is suggested by history and clinical examination, supported by chest x-ray and ECG, and established by 2-dimensional echocardiography with color flow and Doppler studies. Chest x-ray shows a boot-shaped heart with a concave main pulmonary artery segment and diminished pulmonary vascular markings.

2023年10月28日 · Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray shows the shape and condition of the heart and lungs. A common sign of tetralogy of Fallot on an X-ray is a boot-shaped heart. That means the right lower chamber is too big. Cardiac catheterization. This test helps to diagnose or treat certain heart conditions. It may be done to plan surgery.

2022年7月5日 · Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF): most common cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting after neonatal period; accounts for 7-10% of all congenital cardiac defects; includes four defects: ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary …

2024年12月4日 · Chest X-ray: Heart size is usually normal. Pulmonary vascular markings are often decreased; absent in infants with pulmonary atresia. The heart often appears “boot-shaped” due to a concave main pulmonary artery segment and upturned apex.

2018年7月27日 · Hypertrophy of the right ventricle occurs in response to the high pressures it must overcome to pump deoxygenated blood through the RVOTO. This usually develops in utero and may be seen in chest x-rays as the ‘boot’ sign. Compared to the normal heart, the aorta in TOF is dilated and displaced over the intraventricular septum.

2024年10月14日 · Endotracheal tubes (ETT) are wide-bore plastic tubes that are inserted into the trachea to allow artificial ventilation. Tubes come in a variety of sizes and have a balloon at the tip to ensure that gastric contents are not aspirated into the lungs. Adult tubes are usually approximately 1 cm in diameter.