Titanium processing, the extraction of titanium from its ores and the preparation of titanium alloys or compounds. The high reactivity of titanium with oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen in the air at elevated temperatures necessitates complicated and …

Titanium processing - Extraction, Refining, Alloying: The production of titanium metal accounts for only 5 percent of annual titanium mineral consumption; the rest goes to the titanium pigment industry.

In the Kroll process, one of the ores, such as ilmenite (FeTiO 3) or rutile (TiO 2), is treated at red heat with carbon and chlorine to yield titanium tetrachloride, TiCl 4, which is fractionally distilled to eliminate impurities such as ferric chloride, FeCl 3.

Titanium processing - Alloying, Extraction, Fabrication: The atoms of pure titanium align in the solid state in either a hexagonal close-packed crystalline structure, called the alpha (α) phase, or a body-centred cubic structure, called the beta (β) phase.

2024年12月4日 · Titanium dioxide, a white, opaque, naturally occurring mineral existing in a number of crystalline forms, the most important of which are rutile and anatase. These naturally occurring oxide forms can be mined and serve as a source for commercial titanium.

2025年1月18日 · Titanium is obtained by the Kroll process. It cannot be obtained by the common method of reducing the oxide with carbon because a very stable carbide is readily produced, and, moreover, the metal is quite reactive toward oxygen and nitrogen at elevated temperatures.

In titanium processing: History …is now known as the Hunter process. Metal of significant ductility was produced in 1925 by the Dutch scientists A.E. van Arkel and J.H. de Boer, who dissociated titanium tetraiodide on a hot filament in an evacuated glass bulb.

Bessemer process, the first method discovered for mass-producing steel. Though named after Sir Henry Bessemer, the process evolved from the contributions of many investigators before it could be used commercially.

Alloys of aluminum are light, strong, and formable by almost all known metalworking processes. They can be cast, joined by many techniques, and machined easily, and they accept a wide variety of finishes.

The major differences in equipment are the use of higher-temperature refractories and the increased cooling required to accommodate the higher operating temperatures in nickel production. The specific processes taken depend on whether the ore is a sulfide or a laterite.