2011年9月14日 · A powerful folklore had built up around tsog tsuam that included both causes and cures for the attacks.

In this paper, I will reproduce Michael’s annotated transcription of “Raug Dab Tsog Tsuag Tsuam” (Being Caused Sleep-Paralysis by a Sleep-Paralysis-Causing Tsog Spirit) and add my English translation, which I will write in italics.

2018年4月30日 · What exactly is Tsog Tsuam? A Tsog can be thought of as a wild spirit. These include spirits that live in nature, in the woods, hungry spirits, or basically evil ghosts. The term "Tsuam" is defined as being piled or something being on top. Put it together and Tsog Tsuam means "wild spirit on top."

Tong has had four nightmare experiences, which he refers to as tsog tsuam: the Hrst attack occurred in Laos in 1975, and the others occurred after his arrival in the United States in 1979.

1995年6月1日 · Tsog is the specific name of the Nightmare spirit, and also appears in the phrase used to denote a Nightmare attack, tsog tsuam (cho chua). Tsuam means o crush, to press, or to smother [39].

2010年9月26日 · Many persons of Hmong ethnicity have described being personally attacked and held down by a malevolent spirit during sleep (tsog tsuam), leaving them conscious but paralyzed (Adler 1995). Obviously, these attacks were not fatal. What is interesting is that such experiences are found in many cultures, not just the Hmong.

2023年5月14日 · Tsog is the specific name of the Nightmare spirit, and also appears in the phrase used to denote a Nightmare attack, tsog tsuam ("cho chua"). Tsuam, the Hmong word meaning "to crush, to press, or to smother" (Heimbach 1979:358) is used in conjunction with tsog to mean "An evil spirit is pressing down on me!"

In early 1980's, sudden epidemic of nocturnal death in Hmong men - Due to beliefs about sleep paralysis in Hmong culture • Nighttime attacks were part of a matrix of beliefs held by both animist and Christian Hmong regarding tsog tsuam, that included both causes and cures for the attacks.

2015年1月8日 · A powerful folklore had built up around tsog tsuam that included both causes and cures for the attacks.