Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C 5 H 4 N 4 O 3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates, such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides, and it is a normal component of urine. [1] .

尿酸 是含有 碳 、 氮 、 氧 、 氫 的 雜環化合物，其 分子式 為C 5 H 4 N 4 O 3。 尿酸在人體內是 嘌呤 的最終代謝物。 爬蟲類 和 鳥類 會將代謝廢物 氨 轉換成尿酸在糞便排出。 尿酸是強 抗氧化劑，在有些靈長類中可以取代維生素C的功能。 偏振光下发出荧光的针状尿酸一钠晶体，取自关节滑膜液中。 1776年瑞典化學家 卡爾·威廉·舍勒 首次由腎結石中分離出尿酸。 [2] 1882年，烏克蘭化學家 伊萬·霍爾巴切夫斯基 用 甘氨酸 與 尿素 來合成尿酸。 [3]

Uric acid is the last product of purine metabolism in humans. The formation of uric acid is through the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which oxidizes oxypurines. Normally a small amount of uric acid is present in the body, but when there is an excess amount in the blood, called hyperuricemia, this can lead to gout and formation of kidney stones.

Uric acid homeostasis is determined by the balance between production, intestinal secretion, and renal excretion. The kidney is an important regulator of circulating uric acid levels, by reabsorbing around 90% of filtered urate, while being responsible for 60–70% of total body uric acid excretion.

Uric acid is the ultimate catabolite of purine metabolism in humans and higher primates. It is a weak organic acid that under physiologic conditions exists mainly as a monosodium salt. At a pH less than 5.75, as may occur in the urine, the predominant form is nonionized uric acid.

Urate is the enzymatic end product of purine metabolism in humans and higher primates, unlike all other mammals in which urate is metabolized further to allantoin by the enzyme urate oxidase (a.k.a. uricase) (Wu et al., 1992).

In the present paper we demonstrate that another important 'antioxidant' property of uric acid is the ability to form stable co-ordination complexes with iron ions. Formation of urate-Fe3+ complexes dramatically inhibits Fe3+-catalysed ascorbate oxidation, as well as lipid peroxidation in liposomes and rat liver microsomal fraction.

2002年4月14日 · Here we identify the long-hypothesized 9, 10, 11 urate transporter in the human kidney (URAT1, encoded by SLC22A12), a urate–anion exchanger regulating blood urate levels and targeted by...

2024年4月22日 · Uric acid is an organic molecule derived from xanthine with the chemical formula C 5 H 4 N 4 O 3. It has the IUPAC systematic name 7,9-dihydro-3H-purine-2,6,8-trione.

In humans and higher primates, uric acid (actually hydrogen urate ion) is the end product of oxidation (breakdown) of purine metabolism and is excreted in the urine. Consequently, humans have higher urate levels (around 240-360 μM) than other mammals (about 30-50 μM in mice).