Soyuz 7K-L1 "Zond" spacecraft was designed to launch cosmonauts from the Earth to circle the Moon without going into lunar orbit in the context of the Soviet crewed Moon-flyby program in the Moon race.

Zond (Russian: Зонд, lit. 'probe') was the name given to two distinct series of Soviet robotic spacecraft launched between 1964 and 1970. The first series, based on the 3MV planetary probe, was intended to gather information about nearby planets.

2017年3月10日 · In order to meet mass restrictions for a flight toward the Moon on the UR-500 (Proton) rocket, the Soyuz had lose all its unessential systems, resulting in the 7K-L1 variant. The unpiloted version of the L1 spacecraft, officially known as Zond. Credit: RKK Energia.

The Soviet government publicly denied participating in such a competition, but secretly pursued two programs in the 1960s: crewed lunar flyby missions using Soyuz 7K-L1 (Zond) spacecraft launched with the Proton-K rocket, and a crewed lunar landing using Soyuz 7K-LOK and LK spacecraft launched with the N1 rocket.

2023年12月17日 · LOK (Lunnyi Orbitalnyi Korabl) was a development of the Soyuz-capsule for lunar operations with the LK lunar lander and the N1/L3 lunar rocket. Sixteen LOKs had been originally ordered. Of these, by February 1970, seven had been manufactured, although only three were being ground-tested for future flight operations.

The L1A consisted of a modified Soyuz L1 service module attached to an LOK-sized flange, with a circumlunar Soyuz descent module, topped by an odd hybrid propulsion module derived from that to be used on the LOK and LK lunar lander. Each L1A differed somewhat from the other, using available surplus components or systems ready for test in space.

2023年1月14日 · The two L1E satellites were test missions for the L1 and Blok-D systems for lunar missions in high elliptical earth orbit. The payload stack consisted of a reduced L1 type spacecraft attached to a heavily instrumented Blok-D upper stage. The L1 spacecraft did not have a heat shield for reentry and remained intentionally attached to the upper stage.

Russian manned lunar flyby spacecraft. The Soyuz 7K-L1, a modification of the Soyuz 7K-OK, was designed for manned circumlunar missions. Lunar flyby and return satellite, Russia. Launched 1967 - 1970. AKA: 11F91;7K-L1;Zond 4-8. Status: Operational 1967. First Launch: 1967-03-10. Last Launch: 1970-10-20. Number: 12 . Thrust: 4.17 kN (937 lbf).

Russian manned lunar orbiter. Modification of Soyuz circumlunar configuration used in propulsion tests of the Block D stage. Technology satellite, Russia. Launched 1969 - 1970. Used the Blok-D bus. AKA: 7K-L1E. Status: Operational 1969. First Launch: 1969-11-28. Last Launch: 1970-12-02. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 10,380 kg (22,880 lb).

The LK (Russian: ЛК, from Russian: Лунный корабль, romanized: Lunniy korabyl, lit. 'lunar craft'; GRAU index : 11F94 ) was a lunar module ( lunar lander designed for human spaceflight) developed in the 1960s as a part of several Soviet crewed lunar programs .