Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants that are sensitive to different colors of light or selective for specific ions (ACRs, KCRs) have been cloned from other species of algae and protists .

Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), an algal protein from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, is a light-activated cation channel capable of inducing depolarization and action potentials in neurons. Three protocols are presented in this unit for the use of ChR2, with emphasis on technical aspects of …

The introduction of Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has sparked excitement not only in the neurons that express it, but also in many neuroscientists. ChR2 is a light-gated cation channel that activates neurons in …

Nov 25, 2003 · We demonstrate by functional expression, both in oocytes of Xenopus laevis and mammalian cells, that ChR2 is a directly light-switched cation-selective ion channel. This channel opens rapidly after absorption of a photon to generate a large permeability for monovalent and divalent cations.

Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), the first widely adopted optogenetic tool, is also a blue light activated cation channel. ChR2 is preferred over ChR1 because ChR2 has higher conductance at physiological pH and trafficks well to the membrane.

Optogenetic tools such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) enable the manipulation and mapping of neural circuits. However, ChR2 variants selectively transported down a neuron’s long-range axonal projections for precise presynaptic activation remain lacking.

（1） ChR2 （H134R）：视紫红质通道蛋白2（Channelrhodopsin-2，ChR2）的一种突变体，属于光控阳离子通道，在蓝光（最佳激活波长450nm）的激发下打开阳离子通道，使胞外阳离子内流。与ChR2相比，ChR2（H134R）的光敏感性较高，通道关闭速度较慢，因此增加了光电信号 ...

The most widely used optogenetic tool, Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2), is both light- and voltage-sensitive. A light-triggered action potential or light-driven perturbations of ongoing electrical activity provide instant voltage feedback, shaping ChR2 ...

Nov 24, 2017 · The light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a major optogenetic tool. Photon absorption starts a well-characterized photocycle, but the structural basis ...

Sep 21, 2006 · Here we explore technological issues relevant to the temporal precision, spatial targeting and physiological implementation of ChR2, in the context of other photostimulation approaches to optical...

Feb 1, 2025 · Snapshots of ChR2 light-induced current sequences, and elimination of spiral waves by AOIs. ChR2 applied negative currents to the resting state nodes, which leads to wave elimination when the wave diffuses to that nodes.

Apr 12, 2021 · Optogenetic tools such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) enable the manipulation and mapping of neural circuits. However, ChR2 variants selectively transported down a neuron’s long-range axonal...

Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is a light-gated cation channel widely used as a biotechnological tool to control membrane depolarization in various cell types and tissues. Although several ChR2 variants with modified properties have been generated, the structural determinants of the protein function are largely unresolved.

Optogenetic stimulation of neurons using Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has become a widely used tool in neuroscience. ChR2, a directly light-gated cation channel of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, allows depolarizing and firing neurons with …

Sep 6, 2024 · Cation conducting channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are a popular tool used in optogenetics to control the activity of excitable cells and tissues using light. ChRs with altered ion selectivity are in high demand for use in different cell types and for other specialized applications.

Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii functions as a light-gated cation channel that has been developed as an optogenetic tool to stimulate specific nerve cells in animals and control their behavior by illumination.

Dec 24, 2005 · Here, we employed channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), a directly light-gated cation channel from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii [3], in excitable cells of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, to trigger specific behaviors, simply by illumination.

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-activated channels from algae that provide these organisms with fast sensors to visible light for phototaxis. Since its discovery, Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) has been utilised as a research tool to depolarise membranes of excitable cells with light.

Jan 12, 2018 · Using next-generation sequencing of DNA and RNA together with ALK immunohistochemistry, we comprehensively characterized genomic breakpoints in 33 FISH-positive lung adenocarcinomas. Of these 33...

Proof-of-principle for optogenetic therapy was provided by Bi and others (Bi et al., 2006), who demonstrated successful phototransduction by bacterial channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in transduced mouse RGCs with signal propagation to the visual cortex.