On Earth, most ice is found in the hexagonal Ice I h phase. Less common phases may be found in the atmosphere and underground due to more extreme pressures and temperatures. Some phases are manufactured by humans for nano scale uses due to their properties. In space, amorphous ice is the most common form as confirmed by observation.

Ice class refers to a notation assigned by a classification society or a national authority to denote the additional level of strengthening as well as other arrangements that enable a ship to navigate through sea ice. Some ice classes also have requirements for …

2016年3月25日 · 关于1D抗冰级，南极“入门抗冰级” 芬兰-瑞典冰级规范中是没有1D这个抗冰级的，而是用ICE CLASS II表述。 但在Lloyd’s Register of Shipping中就有1D抗冰级，与芬兰-瑞典冰级规范中的ICE CLASS II相对应。

Cubic ice (Ice I c) is a metastable b ice crystal that can be formed (a) by condensation of water vapor at ambient pressure but at less than -80 °C, see Phase Diagram), (b) below about -38 °C in tiny droplets (≈ 6 μm diameter) [1013], and (c) by reducing the pressure on high-pressure ices at 77 K. Cubic ice is usually found as transitional ...

摘要：阐述了各主要船舶冰区加强规范的冰级定义，对其适用范围、参数类型等作比较分析；对 IACS、CCS 相 关规范条文的改进、完善提出参考意见。 第一作者简介：王燕舞，男，工程师。 1979 年生，2008 年 上海交通大学船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 专业毕业，现从事船舶结构设计工作。 强船舶船检证书需加注“冬季不准航行渤海湾” [1]；而 大量没有采取B级冰区加强（关于沿海漂流浮冰） 的船舶，冬季仍安全航行在渤海湾。 有设计方鉴于 此甚至建议取消CCS规范B级加 …

2025年1月2日 · Cargo vessels with reinforced hulls, known as ice-class ships, have varying levels of ice navigation capabilities. They are categorized into different classes based on their ability to maneuver through ice without assistance. However, in extreme conditions, even the most robust ice-class vessels rely on icebreakers.

It is important to understand what Ice Class notations mean and how they affect the equipment we supply. Basically - an Ice Class notation relates to a specific set of rules and regulations covering the construction of a vessel to allow it to operate in varying Ice conditions. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping (Rules 1995)

2025年1月2日 · Ships under Ice-Class 1C have light ice-strengthening features. They can handle thin ice at best, and it’s wise to avoid prolonged exposure. There are extra categories like Class 1D and 1E with minimal reinforcement, ideal for only extremely light sailing conditions. What Are Ice-Class Vessels Made Of?

Section 5 Machinery requirements for light ice conditions – Ice Classes 1D and 1E Section 6 Hull requirements for first-year ice conditions – Ice Classes 1AS FS, 1A FS, 1B FS, 1C FS and 1D

4.2.1 These requirements apply to ships with length less than 150 m and which are intended to operate in very light first-year ice conditions. Where additional strengthening is fitted in accordance with the requirements of this sub-Section, the notation Ice Class 1E will be assigned.