Halorhodopsin from Natronomonas (NpHR) has been used to achieve inhibition of action potentials in neurons in mammalian systems. Since light activation of NpHR leads to an influx of chloride ions which is a part of the natural process for generating hyperpolarization, NpHR induced inhibition works very well in neurons.

Temporally precise inhibition of distinct cell types in the intact nervous system has been enabled by the microbial halorhodopsin NpHR, a fast light-activated electrogenic Cl − pump.

Halorhodopsin (NpHR), a light-activated chloride pump from the bacterium Natronomas pharaonis, is used to hyperpolarize neurons with yellow light [46,47]. In zebrafish, NpHR has been used, alone and in combination with ChR2, to assign behavioral functions to small areas of …

The new enhanced NpHR (eNpHR) allows safe, high-level expression in mammalian neurons, without toxicity and with augmented inhibitory function, in vitro and in vivo.

2021年10月17日 · Here we describe transgenic mice that express halorhodopsin (NpHR), a light-driven chloride pump, that can be used to silence neuronal activity via light.

Natronomonas pharaonis halorhodopsin (NpHR) is a light-driven Cl - inward pump that is widely used as an optogenetic tool. Although NpHR is previously extensively studied, its Cl - uptake process is not well understood from the protein structure perspective, mainly because in cry …

2007年4月5日 · Here we identify and develop an archaeal light-driven chloride pump (NpHR) from Natronomonas pharaonis for temporally precise optical inhibition of neural activity. NpHR allows either knockout of...

2022年7月14日 · Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms.

NpHR (eNpHR) allows safe, high-level expression in mammalian neurons, without toxicity and with augmented inhibitory function, in vitro and in vivo. Introduction

Wild-type halorhodopsin, known as NpHR (from Natronomonas pharaoni), causes hyperpolarization (inhibition) of the cell when triggered with yellow light, thus inhibiting function of the neuron. NpHR Variants. Variants have been engineered with enhancements such as: Browse Halorhodopsin plasmids.