Internalization of A2E by the RPE cells was evidenced by the acquisition of intracellular granules detectable by fluorescence confocal imaging. Internalized A2E had an emission maxima of 565 to 570 nm.

2018年3月1日 · Accumulation of lipofuscin in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) is observed in retinal degenerative diseases including Stargardt disease and age-related macular degeneration. Bis-retinoid N -retinyl- N-retinylidene ethanolamine (A2E) …

2024年10月9日 · We identify macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and MIP-1β as key chemokines that induce Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of A2, thus enabling translocation of A2 to the RPE cell...

Since A2-E was suggested to act as a proapoptotic molecule via a mitochondrial pathway, we postulate that upon reaching a critical intralysosomal concentration, A2-E is released from the lysosome and then specifically targets the outer mitochondrial membrane thereby initiating apoptosis of the RPE c …

The results in this study demonstrate that A2-E is phototoxic to human RPE cells confirming its potential as a significant contributor to the photoreactivity of lipofuscin. It appears that A2-E has the potential to cause RPE dysfunction through at least two mechanisms: light-independent inhibition of lysosomal function and phototoxicity.

N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) is a by-product of the visual cycle formed by the reaction of 2 all-trans retinal molecules with phosphatidylethanolamine generating phosphatidylethanolamine-bisretinoid (A2-PE), which is then hydrolysed into A2E contained in RPE and Bruch’s membrane .

2012年1月1日 · The di-retinal conjugate A2E (C 42 H 58 NO, molecular weight 592) (A2 indicating formation from two vitamin A aldehydes) was the first pigment of RPE lipofuscin to be recognized and structurally characterized .

2003年12月1日 · A substantial portion of the lipofuscin that accumulates with age and in some retinal disorders in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, forms as a consequence of light-related vitamin A recycling. Major constituents of RPE lipofuscin are …

In atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Stargardt disease, the death of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell death leads to photoreceptor cell degeneration and visual impairment. Nevertheless, the cause of RPE atrophy is poorly understood.

2006年11月1日 · Purpose: A2-E, a major component of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lipofuscin, is a compound that can neither be degraded by nor eliminated from cells and is toxic as well as phototoxic to the cells. Illumination of A2-E with short wavelength light results in isomerization, photooxidation, as well as photolysis.